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The Four Types of Coal Combustion Waste

Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs), more commonly known as coal ash, is the waste material or by-products left over when coal is burned to produce electricity in coal-fired power plants. All coal ash contains metals normally found deep in the earth. These metals are naturally-occurring elements, some of which include arsenic, mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and selenium. The amounts of metals present in coal ash varies because it depends on three factors: (1) where the power plant got its coal from; (2) the kind of furnace used to burn the coal; and (3) XXXX.

This is the important point here - the mining of coal exposes humans and the environment to metals known to be toxic to human health and the environment.

Explain more here about these metals are known to be toxic to human health and the environment.

https://massivesci.com/articles/coal-ash-water-health-hazard/

The fate of coal ash

Coal ash ​may be disposed of or, in some instances, used as a substitute for scarcer or more expensive raw materials needed by some industries to make their products. There are four types of coal combustion waste: fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residue.

Fly Ash

Fly ash is a very fine, powdery material that is almost identical in composition to volcanic ash. Fly ash is carried up into the power plant's smoke stacks with the exhaust gases from the furnace, and must be captured by appropriate air pollution control equipment to meet the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Air Act standards.

Bottom Ash

Bottom ash is composed of coarse, jagged, slightly porous particles that are too large and heavy to be carried up into the power plant's smoke stacks.  Instead, it falls to the bottom of the furnace and removed.

Boiler slag is bottom ash that has melted (in a “molten” state) and is formed only in certain types of furnaces. When boiler slag is doused with water, it turns into hard, black, glass-like pellets.

Boiler Slag

Flue Gas Desulfurization Residue (FGD)

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residue is a by-product of the air pollution control equipment required at coal-fired power plants for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions. FGD residue is initially released as a wet sludge/slurry and is later dried to form a powder.

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